Akademik literat\u00fcrde genel olarak bir devletin di\u011fer devletler \u00fczerindeki tahakk\u00fcm\u00fc \u015feklinde ele al\u0131nan hegemonya kavram\u0131 asl\u0131nda \u0130talyan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr Antonio Gramsci\u2019nin form\u00fcle etti\u011fi haliyle \u2018zor ve r\u0131zan\u0131n birbirini kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 dengeledi\u011fi\u2019 bir birle\u015fim olarak ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu tan\u0131mlaman\u0131n do\u011frultusunda sadece zor kullan\u0131m\u0131 veya sadece r\u0131za \u00fcretimi temelinde egemenli\u011fini kal\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilen bir sosyal sistem veya devletten bahsetmemiz m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu yaz\u0131da Amerikan hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131n r\u0131za ve g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde dengeledi\u011fi \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nem ile, r\u0131za \u00fcretiminin azalmaya ba\u015flayarak yap\u0131sal olarak Amerikan hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1970ler sonras\u0131 ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. Bu tarihsel bilgiler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 47. Amerikan Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Donald J. Trump\u2019\u0131n ekonomi politi\u011finde yaratmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018m\u00fckemmel f\u0131rt\u0131na\u2019 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Amerikan Hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131n Tarihsel Geli\u015fimi ve D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n ABD\u2019nin hegemonya yolculu\u011fu \u00fcretimde muazzam seviyelerde etkinlik getiren \u2018Fordist\u2019 \u00fcretim ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Buhran\u0131 takip eden y\u0131llarda \u2018Keynesyen\u2019 ekonomik planlamas\u0131yla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f fakat bu ulusal g\u00fcc\u00fcn uluslararas\u0131 sistemi \u015fekillendirmesi II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1939-1946 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda reel olarak y\u00fczde 50 b\u00fcy\u00fcyen ABD ekonomisi, 1946 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnyadaki di\u011fer ekonomilerin toplam\u0131ndan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ekonomik hacme ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[i]<\/a>. Bu y\u00fczden Amerikan hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemesi d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin, \u00f6zellikle de Bat\u0131 Avrupa ekonomilerinin toparlanmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm, Keynesyen politikalar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeyde geni\u015fletilmesi ve d\u00fcnya ekonomisinin kitlesel t\u00fcketimi te\u015fvik edecek \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlenmesiydi. Marshall Plan\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011fratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ekonomilerin toparlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli maddi kaynaklar\u0131 sa\u011flarken, Bretton Woods sistemi d\u00fcnya ekonomisi i\u00e7in gerekli \u00e7er\u00e7eveyi sa\u011flad\u0131 ve G\u00fcmr\u00fck Tarifeleri ve Ticaret Genel Anla\u015fmas\u0131 k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte serbest ticaretin kurumsalla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu ekonomik sistem sava\u015ftan y\u0131k\u0131lan ekonomilerin toparlanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakla kalmam\u0131\u015f, Amerikan \u015firketlerinin uluslararas\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131na da olanak tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1960\u2019lar\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, Amerikan otomobil \u015firketleri \u0130ngiltere pazar\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131na ve Almanya\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fczde 40\u2019\u0131na sahipti; Ford ve GM ise Fiat\u2019tan sonra Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n ikinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck otomobil \u00fcreticileri konumundayd\u0131[ii]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu d\u00fczeni ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 k\u0131lan en \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6rler ise ABD dolar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131n yerine \u2018rezerv\u2019 olarak d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kalan\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 ticarette koruyucu tarifelerin sistematik olarak azalt\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131. Amerikan dolar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na sabitlenerek rezerv haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin kendi ekonomilerini stabil hale getirmesine olanak sa\u011flarken, \u00f6te yandan uluslararas\u0131 ticareti te\u015fvik edici ve kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir yap\u0131 da olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Fakat bu durum ABD\u2019nin 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar itibar\u0131yla di\u011fer \u00fclkeler ile \u00fcretimde rekabetini azalt\u0131c\u0131 bir unsur olarak, Amerikan hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131n zay\u0131flamas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130stihdam ve \u00fcretimi destekleyen, g\u00f6rece i\u015f\u00e7i haklar\u0131n\u0131 vah\u015fi kapitalizm kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda koruma alt\u0131na alan Keynesyen politikalar\u0131n terk edilmesi B\u00fcy\u00fck Buhran y\u0131llar\u0131ndan beri devletin s\u0131k\u0131 kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na girmi\u015f olan Amerikan finans \u00e7evrelerinin ulusal ve uluslararas\u0131 piyasada serbest\u00e7e diledi\u011fini yapabilmesine olanak tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Literat\u00fcrde \u2018finansalla\u015fma\u2019 olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu d\u00f6nem, Amerikan hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretim \u00fczerinden kapitalist birikim yerine finansal y\u00f6ntemler \u00fczerinden kapitalist birikime ge\u00e7mesini ifade eder. \u0130lk olarak Nixon H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin ABD\u2019nin sabit kur rejiminden dalgal\u0131 kur rejimine ge\u00e7mesiyle ba\u015flayan finansalla\u015fma s\u00fcreci daha sonra OPEC Petrol krizi ile Amerikan hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc tamamlamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Artan ticari rekabet ve azalan ABD \u00fcretkenli\u011fi ile ABD\u2019nin de\u011fi\u015fen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel duru\u015funu en iyi ifade eden al\u0131nt\u0131lardan birisi ise Nixon h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Hazine Bakan\u0131 John Connally\u2019den gelmi\u015ftir; \u201cYabanc\u0131lar bizi kaz\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor, onlar\u0131 daha \u00f6nce kaz\u0131klamaksa bizim i\u015fimiz [iii]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n OPEC petrol krizini f\u0131rsata \u00e7eviren ABD, kendi para birimini tekrar rezerv yapman\u0131n yolunu petrol ticaretini sadece ABD dolar\u0131 ile yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak bulmu\u015ftur. Bu sayede fiziksel alt\u0131n bar\u0131nd\u0131rma ve uluslararas\u0131 ekonomiyi \u00e7apalama g\u00f6revinden s\u0131yr\u0131lan ABD, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kalan\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretim ve ticaretten kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131k de\u011feri petrol sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda dolara \u00e7evirerek, kendi bankac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00fczerinden tekrar uluslararas\u0131 piyasalara da\u011f\u0131tabilmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ABD finansal sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r bu s\u00fcre\u00e7ten faydalanarak karl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 muazzam seviyelere \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken, ABD devletinin bitmek bilmeyen kronik bor\u00e7lanma ser\u00fcveni bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trump ve G\u00fcmr\u00fck Tarifeleri Sava\u015flar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n ABD\u2019nin d\u00fcnya ticaretindeki azalan ticaret hacmi ve \u00c7in kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda artan ticaret a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 her d\u00f6nem tart\u0131\u015fma konusu olsa da bu konu hakk\u0131nda en radikal ad\u0131mlar\u0131 her iki d\u00f6neminde de Trump h\u00fck\u00fcmeti atmaktad\u0131r. Tart\u0131\u015fmalarla dolu i\u015f ve televizyon kariyerini ba\u015fkanl\u0131k uygulamalar\u0131na da ta\u015f\u0131yan Trump, genelde dengesiz bir siyaset\u00e7i olarak alg\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda Trump\u2019\u0131n yapmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey bir yandan 1970lerde ba\u015flayan \u2018\u00fcretimin uluslararas\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131\u2019 ve \u2018finansalla\u015fma\u2019 s\u00fcrecini ABD\u2019nin ulusal \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na dayal\u0131 bir d\u00fczene \u00e7evirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, \u00f6te yandan r\u0131zaya dayal\u0131 bir kurallar b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc olarak ABD\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131na \u00f6n ayak oldu\u011fu uluslararas\u0131 sistemin zarar\u0131na olacak \u015fekilde farkl\u0131 bir y\u00f6ne \u00e7evirmek gibi g\u00f6z\u00fckmektedir. 1946-1970 aras\u0131nda sistemdeki b\u00fct\u00fcn akt\u00f6rlerin faydaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ama en \u00e7ok ABD\u2019nin kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l ve uyumlu uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik sistem \u015fu anda ABD\u2019nin en b\u00fcy\u00fck rakibi \u00c7in\u2019in daha \u00e7ok kazan\u00e7 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir noktaya gelmi\u015ftir. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra BRICS gibi dolar\u0131n petrol ile olan \u00f6zel ili\u015fkisini her an tehdit edebilecek bir kurumun geni\u015fleyerek b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi ABD\u2019yi finansal ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azaltma \u00e7abas\u0131na itmektedir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Trump\u2019\u0131n ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bence kontroll\u00fc olan \u2018G\u00fcmr\u00fck Tarifesi Sava\u015flar\u0131\u2019 ABD\u2019nin stratejik zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen finansalla\u015fmay\u0131 zay\u0131flatarak tekrar Amerikan \u00fcretimini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeyi hedefleyen planl\u0131 bir ekonomi-politika arac\u0131d\u0131r. Trump\u2019\u0131n ekonomi politikalar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan askeri, siyasi ve y\u00f6netimsel ad\u0131mlar\u0131 ise Amerikan hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131n r\u0131za \u00fcretimini b\u0131rak\u0131p, art\u0131k uluslararas\u0131 meseleleri tehdit ve zor kullan\u0131m\u0131 yoluyla \u00e7\u00f6zme \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Bu tip bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ise k\u0131sa vadede ABD \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na sonu\u00e7 verebilecek olsa bile, Amerikan hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir olmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir engel olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [i]<\/a> Frieden, J. A. (2006). Global capitalism: Its fall and rise in the twentieth century. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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