{"id":1196,"date":"2026-06-11T14:53:47","date_gmt":"2026-06-11T11:53:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/?p=1196"},"modified":"2026-06-11T17:47:40","modified_gmt":"2026-06-11T14:47:40","slug":"karbon-fiyatlandirmasi-butun-yatirimcilar-icin-ayni-derece-oneme-sahip-degil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/?p=1196","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7ok Karbon Salg\u0131layan m\u0131 Az Karbon Salg\u0131layan m\u0131 Daha Riskli? Avrupa ve T\u00fcrkiye Yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Perspektifinden Bir De\u011ferlendirme"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Tu\u011frul Toker<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Karbon fiyatland\u0131rmas\u0131, finansal ve akademik \u00e7evrelerde \u015fu g\u00fcnlerde \u00e7ok s\u0131k konu\u015fulan bir konu olmasa da g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilebilecek bir konu da de\u011fil. Bunun en bariz sebebi ise Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin bu konuya verdi\u011fi \u00f6nem. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bizim gibi aday \u00fclkelere de uyumlanmak d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda pek se\u00e7enek kalm\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin karbon fiyatland\u0131rmas\u0131 konusunda i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu s\u00fcreci Porter\u2019\u0131n ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc analizindeki do\u011fma-geli\u015fme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine benzetebiliriz: fikir var, \u00f6n testler yap\u0131l\u0131yor ama yol haritas\u0131 belirlenmi\u015f de\u011fil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik ve iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 bir kenara b\u0131rakmak kayd\u0131yla, karbon fiyatland\u0131rmas\u0131 gibi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ni\u015f, gelecekte geni\u015f bir konunun T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki geli\u015fimine gelmeden \u00f6nce, \u00e7evresel hassasiyetleri olan (!) \u00fclkelerin bu konuda att\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131mlar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle bir hat\u0131rlamak gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S\u0131f\u0131r noktas\u0131 olarak Kyoto Protokol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc alabiliriz. 1997\u2019de kabul edilmesine kar\u015f\u0131n 2005\u2019te y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren protokol, karbon emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcrken geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelere emisyon azalt\u0131m hedefleri koyuyor. Akabinde bunlar\u0131 kontrol etmek amac\u0131yla Emissions Trading System (ETS) ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere birtak\u0131m mekanizmalar Avrupa Birli\u011fi b\u00fcnyesinde kuruluyor. ETS\u2019nin devreye girmesiyle \u015firketler i\u00e7in \u015fu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor: S\u0131n\u0131rla ve ticaret yap. Mant\u0131k basit: Karbon \u00fcretimi \u00e7ok olan firmalar y\u00fcksek karbon fiyatlar\u0131 \u00f6d\u00fcyor, az olan firmalar kullanmad\u0131klar\u0131 haklar\u0131n\u0131 pazarda satarak finansal g\u00fc\u00e7 elde ediyor. Peki bir numaral\u0131 payda\u015f yani yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 bu i\u015fin neresinde? Bu sorunun yan\u0131t\u0131na a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da de\u011finece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2015\u2019te Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131 devreye giriyor ve bu sefer geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeleri de kaps\u0131yor. Hedef k\u00fcresel s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sanayi \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6neme g\u00f6re 2\u00b0C, tercihen 1\u00b0C\u2019nin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek. \u0130\u015fte tam bu noktada Net S\u0131f\u0131r (Net Zero) hedefi politika yap\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fcndemine giriyor. Yakla\u015f\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131k: \u015firketler karbon \u00fcretmeye devam edecek ama \u00fcretti\u011fi karbona e\u015f de\u011fer miktarda karbonun \u00fcretilmesini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlarla engelleyecek. Bunu bazen enerji tasarrufu bazense ESG (\u00e7evre, sosyal, y\u00f6neti\u015fim) yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131yla sa\u011flayacak. Sa\u011flamazsa ne olacak? Yukar\u0131da bahsetti\u011fimiz marketten karbon \u00fcretim hakk\u0131 sat\u0131n alacak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye ise h\u00e2l\u00e2 oyunda de\u011fil. \u0130mzalar at\u0131l\u0131yor, kurallar koyuluyor ama T\u00fcrkiye ya geriden geliyor ya da \u201c-m\u0131\u015f gibi\u201d davran\u0131yor. AB kendi hinterland\u0131nda d\u00fcnyay\u0131 kurtarmaya (!) \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken ba\u015fka \u00fclkeler ya oral\u0131 olmuyor ya da a\u011f\u0131rdan al\u0131yor. Birli\u011fin bir yandan da i\u015fletmesi gereken ticaret d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc var. Tam bu noktada S\u0131n\u0131rda Karbon D\u00fczenlemesi (CBAM) 2026 itibariyle devreye giriyor. Mesaj net: sen benim koydu\u011fum kurallara uyumlanmazsan bunu senin yerine ben yapar\u0131m; \u00fclkeme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n her ihracattan karbon vergisi alarak!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Peki bunlar olurken T\u00fcrkiye ne yap\u0131yordu? 2015\u2019te Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 imzal\u0131yor, meclisteki onay\u0131 2021\u2019e uzan\u0131yor. E\u015f zamanl\u0131 olarak kendi 2053 Net S\u0131f\u0131r Vizyonunu ilan ediyor. Sorun \u015fu ki karbon raporlamas\u0131 var, fiyatland\u0131rmas\u0131 yok. Bu giri\u015fimi olumlu bulmakla birlikte, AB\u2019ye verilmi\u015f \u015fu mesaj\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyorum: Madem vergilendiriyorsun, o zaman kendim uyumlan\u0131r\u0131m ve kendi vergimi kendim toplar\u0131m. Velhas\u0131l, Ekim 2024\u2019te Ulusal Emisyon Ticaret Sistemi\u2019nin pilot uygulamas\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131yor. T\u00fcrkiye bu hamleyle adeta \u015funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor: \u00c7evrecilik gibi k\u0131ymetli bir yakla\u015f\u0131m kimsenin tekelinde olamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Buraya kadar karbon fiyatland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fme s\u00fcrecinden bahsettik ama ba\u015fl\u0131ktaki tespiti h\u00e2l\u00e2 bir dayana\u011fa oturtmad\u0131k. Ba\u015fl\u0131ktaki gibi nesnel bir de\u011ferlendirme yapmak i\u00e7in \u00e7antam\u0131za iki terimi koymam\u0131z gerekir: karbon fiyatland\u0131rmas\u0131 ve hisse beklentisi. Karbon fiyatland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f ve azal\u0131\u015f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n hissedarlar\u0131n \u015firketten beklentisi nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015fiyor? Bu konuya ili\u015fkin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m nicel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6n bulgular\u0131 net ve do\u011frudan \u015funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor: Bilemeyiz!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bunun cevab\u0131n\u0131 ilk a\u015famada bilemiyoruz. Ama pes de etmiyoruz, veriyi par\u00e7al\u0131yoruz; ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z sonu\u00e7 \u015fu oluyor: E\u011fer AB ve geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeleri ayn\u0131 havuza atarsan\u0131z sonu\u00e7lar birbirini dengeliyor veya bulan\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. Bu durumda AB ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ele al\u0131p kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yoruz. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m ekonometrik analizlerin \u00f6n bulgular\u0131 \u015funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor: Duruma g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir. Daha da a\u00e7acak olursam; AB \u00fclkelerinde yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar y\u00fcksek emisyon \u00fcretenleri cezaland\u0131r\u0131rken T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00f6d\u00fcllendiriyor! Sonu\u00e7lar tam tersi y\u00f6nde; istatistiki olarak anlaml\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu durumu nas\u0131l a\u00e7\u0131klayabiliriz? AB vatanda\u015f\u0131 \u015funu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyor: y\u00fcksek emisyon \u00fcreten \u015firkete yat\u0131r\u0131m yaparsam y\u00fcksek getiri beklerim zira y\u00fcksek emisyon finansal riskleri beraberinde getirir. Volkswagen emisyon krizinden hat\u0131rlayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00fczere \u00e7evresel skandallar finansal riskleri do\u011furur ve besler. Yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 ka\u00e7mas\u0131n diye \u015firket y\u00fcksek riski y\u00fcksek getiri vaadi ile \u00f6d\u00fcllendirir. Bu s\u00fcrecin AB\u2019de bu denli ola\u011fan olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u015feffaf \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm ve denetim mekanizmalar\u0131 ile oturmu\u015f hukuki zemin a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Peki T\u00fcrkiye yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 nas\u0131l davran\u0131yor? Tam tersi. O, y\u00fcksek emisyon \u00fcreten \u015firketi cezaland\u0131rm\u0131yor. Beklentisi olas\u0131 risklerden de\u011fil, d\u00fcz bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na dayan\u0131yor: E\u011fer \u015firket \u00e7ok karbon \u00fcretiyorsa gelecekte \u00e7ok k\u00e2rl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7ark d\u00f6n\u00fcyor! Bu da yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n beklentilerinin minimum seviyede y\u00f6netilmesiyle sonu\u00e7lan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Daha teknik ifade edecek olursak, AB \u00fclkelerinde karbon fiyatland\u0131rmas\u0131 ile \u00f6z sermaye maliyeti aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki pozitif ve anlaml\u0131 iken T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bu ili\u015fki negatif ve anlaml\u0131 bir h\u00e2l al\u0131yor. Dahas\u0131 da var. T\u00fcrkiye 2021\u2019de Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na taraf oluyor ve bahsetti\u011fimiz negatif ili\u015fkinin \u015fiddeti bu tarihten sonra daha da art\u0131yor. Bu da demek oluyor ki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerin \u015feffafl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar \u00e7ok karbon \u00fcreten \u015firketleri daha de\u011ferli g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Bu durum olas\u0131 bir problemin de sinyalini veriyor: E\u011fer \u00e7ok karbon \u00fcreten \u015firketler daha \u00e7ok ra\u011fbet g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsa 2053 Net S\u0131f\u0131r Hedefimize nas\u0131l ula\u015faca\u011f\u0131z?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu soruyu yan\u0131tlamaya ilk olarak somut bir karbon fiyatland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n eksikli\u011fiyle ba\u015flayay\u0131m. Karbon emisyonu beyan ediliyor ama fiyat\u0131 yok. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla karbon \u00fcreten i\u00e7in fiyat yoksa risk de yok, bilan\u00e7osunda y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck yok. &nbsp;Ampirik onay gerektirmeyen tarafta ise karbon pazar\u0131n\u0131n olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 yat\u0131yor. Karbon \u00fcretenin kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ceza veya y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck yok, karbon \u00fcretmeyenin ise satabilece\u011fi bir hak yani \u00f6d\u00fcl\/ kaynak yok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biraz daha subjektif tarafa kayarsak yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n <em>k\u0131sa vadecili\u011finin<\/em> (short-termism) bir di\u011fer etken oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. Suyun bulan\u0131k taraf\u0131nda ise literat\u00fcrde \u201cconglomerates\u201d olarak ge\u00e7en, T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede <em>konglomerat<\/em> ya da jenerik anlam\u0131yla holding diyebilece\u011fimiz yap\u0131lar ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131, bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n merkez\u00ee otoriteyle i\u015f birli\u011fi i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funa (politically protected) veya bu ili\u015fkileri devam ettirece\u011fine inan\u0131yor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu t\u00fcrden bir \u015firketin karbon \u00fcretiminden dolay\u0131 cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Sonras\u0131 malum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tekrardan berrak tarafa ge\u00e7ecek olursak, T\u00fcrkiye gibi \u00f6nceli\u011fi \u00e7evresel problemler olmayan \u00fclkelerde \u015firketler de yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 taklit ediyor. <em>S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik<\/em> ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda pazarlanan nimetlerden geri kalmak istemeyen \u015firketleri ayr\u0131 tutal\u0131m, \u015firketler \u00fcretim art\u0131\u015f\u0131, kapasite art\u0131\u015f\u0131 veya b\u00fcy\u00fcme gibi g\u00f6stergelerle de piyasaya sinyaller verebiliyorlar. Bu durumda yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar <em>kirli \u015firketlere<\/em> (dirty stocks) daha \u00e7ok ra\u011fbet edebiliyorlar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc inan\u00e7 \u015fu y\u00f6nde: E\u011fer \u00e7ok karbon \u00fcretiyorsa \u00e7ok \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00fcretiyordur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Son olarak \u015firketlerin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik raporlar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesi ve notland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 konusundaki problemler de yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131n\u0131n beklentisinin \u00e7e\u015fitlenmesine yol a\u00e7abiliyor. LSEG\u2019den global ESG s\u0131ralama raporunu \u00e7ekti\u011fimde ilk 100\u2019de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den kayda de\u011fer say\u0131da \u015firket g\u00f6r\u00fcyorum. Bu elbette gurur verici. \u00d6te yandan skorlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ve dalgalanmas\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda raporlama kalitesinde baz\u0131 \u015f\u00fcpheler g\u00fcn y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Bu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131m\u0131m\u0131, yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n notland\u0131rma, derecelendirme ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik skorlar\u0131na dair yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ampirik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar (Berg vd., 2022; Chatterji vd., 2016; Friede vd., 2015; Serafeim ve Yoon, 2022) do\u011frudan veya dolayl\u0131 olarak desteklemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Karbon fiyatland\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n her yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 durumu ifade etmedi\u011fini ima etmi\u015ftim. Bu durumun olu\u015fmas\u0131na sebep olan s\u00fcreci, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m ampirik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya dair \u00f6n bulgular\u0131m\u0131, somut ve soyut \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131mlar\u0131m\u0131 bu yaz\u0131da payla\u015ft\u0131m. Karbon fiyatland\u0131rmas\u0131 konusunun T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de nispeten yeni olmakla birlikte ileride hem akademi hem sekt\u00f6r bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha fazla dikkat \u00e7ekece\u011fini, potansiyelinin hen\u00fcz tam anlam\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor ve yaz\u0131m\u0131 bertaraf etti\u011fimiz karbonun \u00fcretimimizi ge\u00e7ti\u011fi bir d\u00fcnya temennisi ile sonland\u0131r\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Se\u00e7ilmi\u015f Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Berg, F., K\u00f6lbel, J. F., &amp; Rigobon, R. (2022).&nbsp;Aggregate confusion: The divergence of ESG ratings.&nbsp;<em>Review of Finance<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>26<\/em>(6), 1315\u20131344.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rof\/rfac033\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/rof\/rfac033<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chatterji, A. K., Durand, R., Levine, D. I., &amp; Touboul, S. (2016).&nbsp;Do ratings of firms converge? Implications for managers, investors and strategy researchers.&nbsp;<em>Strategic Management Journal<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>37<\/em>(8), 1597\u20131614.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smj.2407\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/smj.2407<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Friede, G., Busch, T., &amp; Bassen, A. (2015).&nbsp;ESG and financial performance: Aggregated evidence from more than 2000 empirical studies.&nbsp;<em>Journal of Sustainable Finance &amp; Investment<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>5<\/em>(4), 210\u2013233.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20430795.2015.1118917\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20430795.2015.1118917<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Serafeim, G., &amp; Yoon, A. (2022).&nbsp;Which corporate ESG news does the market react to?&nbsp;<em>Financial Analysts Journal<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>78<\/em>(1), 59-78&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0015198X.2021.1973879\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0015198X.2021.1973879<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tu\u011frul Toker Karbon fiyatland\u0131rmas\u0131, finansal ve akademik \u00e7evrelerde \u015fu g\u00fcnlerde \u00e7ok s\u0131k konu\u015fulan bir konu olmasa da g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilebilecek bir konu da de\u011fil. Bunun en bariz sebebi ise Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin bu konuya verdi\u011fi \u00f6nem. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bizim gibi aday \u00fclkelere de uyumlanmak d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda pek se\u00e7enek kalm\u0131yor. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin karbon fiyatland\u0131rmas\u0131 konusunda i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu s\u00fcreci Porter\u2019\u0131n ya\u015fam [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":1214,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26,29],"tags":[],"series":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1196"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/27"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1196"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1196\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1222,"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1196\/revisions\/1222"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1214"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1196"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1196"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1196"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fseries&post=1196"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}