{"id":946,"date":"2025-06-02T15:43:36","date_gmt":"2025-06-02T12:43:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/?p=946"},"modified":"2025-06-02T16:08:20","modified_gmt":"2025-06-02T13:08:20","slug":"dogal-dogum-tanimi-uzerine-dogum-politikalarinin-kadinlar-uzerindeki-mudahalesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/?p=946","title":{"rendered":"\u201cDo\u011fal\u201d Do\u011fum Tan\u0131m\u0131 \u00dczerine: Do\u011fum Politikalar\u0131n\u0131n Kad\u0131nlar \u00dczerindeki M\u00fcdahalesi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Fatmag\u00fcl Aydemir<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do\u011fum, yaln\u0131zca biyolojik bir olay de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda toplumsal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve siyasal olarak bi\u00e7imlenen bir deneyimdir. Kad\u0131n bedeni \u00fczerindeki m\u00fcdahaleler, do\u011fum deneyimini yaln\u0131zca bireysel de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda siyasal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olarak belirlenmi\u015f bir alan haline getirir. Bu ba\u011flamda, \u201cdo\u011fal olan normal do\u011fumdur\u201d gibi ifadeler, ilk bak\u0131\u015fta t\u0131bbi bir \u00f6nerme gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de arkas\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir iktidar mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden yaln\u0131zca t\u0131bbi olarak de\u011ferlendirilemez. Bu ifadelerin t\u00fcm\u00fc toplumsal cinsiyet d\u00fczenini yeniden \u00fcreten normatif yarg\u0131lard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Michael Foucault\u2019nun biyopolitika analizine g\u00f6re modern iktidar bi\u00e7imleri, ya\u015fam\u0131 d\u00fczenleme ve y\u00f6netme stratejileri \u00fczerine kuruludur. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde do\u011fum politikalar\u0131, n\u00fcfusun kontrol\u00fc ve kad\u0131n bedeninin \u201cdo\u011fru\u201d kullan\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin hamleler disipline edici d\u00fczenlemenin par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelir. \u201cDo\u011fal olan\u201d s\u00f6ylemi, vajinal do\u011fumu idealize ederken sezaryeni sapma ya da patoloji olarak kodlar. Bu durum, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bedensel \u00f6zerkli\u011fini ve kendi bedenleri \u00fczerinde karar verme haklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar. \u201cDo\u011fal do\u011fum\u201d bu ba\u011flamda ahlaki bir norm olarak in\u015fa edilir. Bu ahlaki norm, kad\u0131n\u0131 ideal anne fig\u00fcr\u00fcyle \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirir: ac\u0131ya katlanan, bedensel s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 zorlayan ve toplumsal beklentilere uyum sa\u011flayan bir \u00f6zne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ktidarlar\u0131n \u201cdo\u011fall\u0131k\u201d maskesiyle \u00f6rtt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc m\u00fcdahaleler, yaln\u0131zca ahlaki de\u011fil, ekonomik ve tarihsel bir tahakk\u00fcm bi\u00e7imi olarak da de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Kad\u0131n bedeni \u00fczerindeki m\u00fcdahaleler, do\u011fumu bireysel bir deneyim olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p, kontrol edilmesi ve y\u00f6nlendirilmesi gereken bir \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecine indirger. Silvia Federici\u2019nin Caliban ve Cad\u0131<\/em> adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n do\u011furganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihsel olarak yaln\u0131zca aileyi de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yeniden \u00fcretmenin arac\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu y\u00fczden do\u011fum s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin \u201cdo\u011fal\u201d olarak sunulmas\u0131, asl\u0131nda kad\u0131n bedeninin \u00fczerindeki denetimi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez k\u0131lmak ve onu toplumsal \u00fcretimin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak disipline etmektedir. Do\u011fall\u0131k s\u00f6ylemi, kapitalist yeniden \u00fcretim rejiminin \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 ve g\u00f6r\u00fcnmez ideolojik ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 haline gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Feminist literat\u00fcr ise, do\u011fumun kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in biyolojik ve politik \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131 bir deneyim oldu\u011funu vurgular. \u00d6rne\u011fin Iris Marion Young, kad\u0131n bedeninin \u201ckamusal d\u00fczenlemelerle \u00e7evrili \u00f6zel bir alan\u201d oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylerken, onun hem toplumsal hem de politik olarak ne kadar m\u00fcdahaleye a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011funu i\u015faret eder. Bu y\u00fczden, bu alan\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in, onu \u00e7evreleyen yap\u0131sal m\u00fcdahalelerin de \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi gerekir. \u00d6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirme s\u00f6ylemi, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n tercihlerinin ve bu konu ba\u011flam\u0131nda bilhassa do\u011fum y\u00f6ntemi tercihlerinin \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131 oldu\u011fundan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez. Do\u011fum tercihi, s\u0131n\u0131fsal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve tarihsel ko\u015fullar i\u00e7inde \u015fekillenir. Bu nedenle ger\u00e7ek bir tercih ancak bilgiye e\u015fit eri\u015fim ve bask\u0131dan ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir karar ortam\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n do\u011fum deneyimlerine m\u00fcdahale uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki \u00f6rnekler \u00fczerinden de g\u00f6zlemlenebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Hollanda\u2019da do\u011fumun evde veya hastanede ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi kad\u0131nlar\u0131n tercihine b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rken, devlet do\u011fumun y\u00f6ntemine dair bilgilendirici ve destekleyici bir tutum benimser. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n \u0130ran gibi baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde sezaryeni azaltmak i\u00e7in uygulanan politikalar, kad\u0131nlar \u00fczerinde cezaland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 ve y\u00f6nlendirici bask\u0131lara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilmekte; \u00f6rne\u011fin sezaryen talep eden kad\u0131nlara yapt\u0131r\u0131m uygulanmakta, sa\u011fl\u0131k personeli ekonomik te\u015fviklerden yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Brezilya\u2019da ise \u00f6zel sa\u011fl\u0131k sisteminde sezaryenin te\u015fvik edilmesi, \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f anneli\u011fin bir normu haline gelmi\u015f, buna kar\u015f\u0131 feminist tepkiler do\u011fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00f6rneklerin t\u00fcm\u00fc, do\u011fum tercihlerinden her birinin ve her karar\u0131n farkl\u0131 ba\u011flamlarda politikle\u015febildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu nedenle do\u011fum politikalar\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131zca sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011fil, patriyarkal normlar, neoliberal biyopolitika, kapitalist yeniden \u00fcretim ve toplumsal cinsiyet rejimleriyle ili\u015fkili olarak tart\u0131\u015fmak gerekir. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bedeni \u00fczerindeki haklar\u0131n\u0131 korumak, onlar\u0131 belirli bir do\u011fum bi\u00e7imine y\u00f6nlendirmekle de\u011fil; se\u00e7eneklerini tan\u0131mak, bu se\u00e7enekleri e\u015fit bi\u00e7imde eri\u015filebilir k\u0131lmak ve \u00f6znel karar verme hakk\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almakla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Referanslar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Duden, B. (1991). The woman beneath the skin: A doctor\u2019s patients in eighteenth-century Germany. Harvard University Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Federici, S. (2020). Caliban ve cad\u0131: Kad\u0131nlar, beden ve ilksel birikim (B. \u015eahiner, \u00c7ev.). Otonom Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k. (Orijinal eser 2004 tarihinde yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Foucault, M. (2011). Toplumu savunmak gerekir (\u015e. Akta\u015f, \u00c7ev.). Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131. (Orijinal eser 1997 tarihinde yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Foucault, M. (2010), The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the College de France 1978-1979, Michael Senellart (ed), Graham Burchell (\u00e7ev.), New York: Palgrave Macmillan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Young, I. M. (1984). Pregnant embodiment: Subjectivity and alienation. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 9(1), 45\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jmp\/9.1.45<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Fatmag\u00fcl Aydemir Do\u011fum, yaln\u0131zca biyolojik bir olay de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda toplumsal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve siyasal olarak bi\u00e7imlenen bir deneyimdir. Kad\u0131n bedeni \u00fczerindeki m\u00fcdahaleler, do\u011fum deneyimini yaln\u0131zca bireysel de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda siyasal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olarak belirlenmi\u015f bir alan haline getirir. Bu ba\u011flamda, \u201cdo\u011fal olan normal do\u011fumdur\u201d gibi ifadeler, ilk bak\u0131\u015fta t\u0131bbi bir \u00f6nerme gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de arkas\u0131nda […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":957,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"series":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/946"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=946"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/946\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":948,"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/946\/revisions\/948"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/957"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=946"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=946"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=946"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.atilim.edu.tr\/manzara-politik\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fseries&post=946"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}